Ionic demineralization

Ion exchange resins are materials in the form of a porous resin and, within their polymeric structure, contain embedded ions that can be exchanged with the ions in the flowing water. Ion exchangers are divided into: Cation exchangers (Kt) – which exchange cations and Anion exchangers (An) – which exchange anions. The term "dual ion exchanger" refers to a column containing both cation and anion exchangers with an inert (neutral) mass.

Demineralization using ion exchange resins involves removing dissolved substances (ions) from water by passing the water sequentially through:

• Cation exchange resin bed (cationite), where cations are exchanged for hydrogen ions;
• Anion exchange resin bed (anionite), where anions are exchanged for hydroxide ions;
• Dual-ion exchanger bed, where the remaining residual mineralization is further cleaned. The effluent from these stages, after passing through them, results in virtually demineralized water.

Ion exchange resins are regenerated using acid (for cationite) or alkali (for anionite). The wastewater from the regeneration process requires only minimal neutralization, as it largely neutralizes itself when mixed.